Plastic pollution remains a pressing environmental challenge, posing significant threats to marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. This study assesses the effectiveness of waste management policies in reducing plastic pollution, focusing on a comparative case study of the European Union (EU) and Africa. The research examines key policy frameworks, regulatory measures, and implementation strategies adopted in both regions, analyzing their impact on plastic waste reduction.

The EU has pioneered stringent regulations, including the Single-Use Plastics Directive, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes, and Circular Economy Action Plans, which have led to measurable reductions in plastic waste and increased recycling rates. In contrast, Africa faces unique challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, weak enforcement mechanisms, and limited financial resources, although promising initiatives like plastic bag bans, community-driven recycling programs, and international partnerships have emerged in several countries.

By comparing policy successes and challenges in both regions, this study identifies critical factors influencing waste management efficiency, including policy enforcement, stakeholder collaboration, and financial investment. The findings underscore the need for integrated, adaptive policies that balance regulatory measures with sustainable development goals. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing waste management strategies globally, emphasizing innovation, cross-border cooperation, and public engagement as key drivers of a plastic-free future.